一、監護宣告

㈠監護宣告與聲請資格

民法第14條第1項，當一個人因精神障礙或其他心智缺陷，無法進行意思表示或無法理解其意思表示的效果時，法院可依申請人、配偶、直系親屬、其他同居親屬、檢察官、主管機關或社會福利機構的聲請，宣告該人為受監護人。

 

㈡監護宣告之效力

新修正中延續了過去的規定，民法第15條明確規定受監護宣告之人無行為能力，所有法律行為均須由法定代理人，即監護人代為執行。這一規定旨在保護受監護人的權益，確保其不受不當法律行為所損害。

 

㈢監護人之選定及複數監護人之職務分配

民法第1110條和1111條訂定了監護人的選定程序。

法院有權選定一人或多人為監護人，並在必要時可以命主管機關或社會福利機構進行調查報告，以提供選定監護人的參考依據。監護人的選定將更具彈性，以更好地滿足受監護人的需求。依據新修正的民法第1112條之1，法院在選定數人擔任監護人時，有權根據其職權範圍，指定監護人共同或分別執行職務。在這種情況下，法院可以考慮監護人的專業背景和職務需求，以確保執行監護職務的全面性。此外，法院有權基於監護人、受監護人或民法第14條第1項聲請權人的申請，撤銷或變更之前的指定。

若法院選定多人擔任監護人但未明確指定其執行職務範圍，根據民法第168條的規定，這些監護人的代理行為應共同執行。

 

㈣財產監護任務

1. 財產清冊的開具：

為確保受監護人的財產得以妥善管理，法院在選定監護人時，會同時指定人開具財產清冊。監護人在執行職務時，應在兩個月內開具財產清冊並報告法院，且在清冊開具完成前，僅能進行管理上必要的行為（民法第1113條規定準用第1099條第1項）。

2. 財產管理之監督：

為避免監護人濫用權利，法院有權在必要時要求監護人提供監護事務報告、財產清冊或結算書，以檢查其執行職務的狀況（民法第1103條第2項）。

3.財產管理之限制:

(1) 監護人不得代表受監護人處分財產：監護人僅有管理權，無處分權，只有在法定代理人的地位下，才能代表受監護人進行處分或同意處分。

(2)部分行為需經法院許可：某些重大行為，如購買或處分不動產、出租居住物件等，需要經過法院的許可，以保護受監護人的權益。

(3)財產不得作為投資：監護人不得以受監護人的財產進行投資，但一些特定的金融工具如公債、國庫券等除外。

(五）監護人之護養療治職務

根據新修正的民法第1112條，當監護人執行有關受監護人的生活、護養、療治和財產管理職務時，應留意並尊重受監護人的意願，同時考慮其身心狀況以及生活情況。其中，「受監護人之意思」的範疇涵蓋監護人被選定之前，受監護人所曾表達的意向。

 

 

One. Guardianship Declaration

㈠ Guardianship Declaration and Qualifications for Application

In accordance with Article 14, Paragraph 1 of the Civil Code, when an individual is unable to express their intentions due to mental disorders or other cognitive deficiencies, or when they are unable to comprehend the effects of their expressions, the court can declare that person as a ward upon application by the petitioner, spouse, direct relatives, cohabiting relatives, prosecutor, competent authority, or social welfare institution.

 

㈡ Effect of Guardianship Declaration

The recent amendments maintain the previous provisions. Article 15 of the Civil Code explicitly states that a person declared as a ward lacks legal capacity, and all legal actions must be carried out by a statutory agent, namely the guardian, on their behalf. This provision aims to protect the rights and interests of the ward, ensuring they are not harmed by inappropriate legal actions.

 

㈢ Selection of Guardians and Allocation of Responsibilities Among Multiple Guardians

Articles 1110 and 1111 of the Civil Code establish the procedure for selecting guardians.

The court has the authority to select one or more individuals as guardians and, when necessary, can request the competent authority or social welfare institution to provide an investigative report as a reference for the selection of guardians. The selection of guardians will now be more flexible to better cater to the needs of the ward. According to the newly added Article 1112-1, when multiple individuals are selected as guardians, the court can, within its jurisdiction, specify that they jointly or separately carry out their duties. In this scenario, the court can consider the professional background and duties of the guardians to ensure comprehensive execution of their roles. Additionally, the court can, based on the application of the guardian, ward, or the petitioner under Article 14, Paragraph 1, revoke or amend previous designations. If the court selects multiple individuals as guardians but doesn’t explicitly define the scope of their duties, according to Article 168 of the Civil Code, these guardians’ acts of representation should be jointly executed.

 

㈣ Property Guardianship Duties

1. Preparation of Property Inventory:

To ensure proper management of the ward’s property, when selecting a guardian, the court will also appoint someone to prepare a property inventory. The guardian must prepare this inventory within two months and report it to the court. Until the inventory is prepared and reported, the guardian is only permitted to carry out necessary management actions (Article 1113 applies Article 1099, Paragraph 1).

2. Supervision of Property Management:

To prevent misuse of authority, the court has the right to request the guardian to provide reports on guardianship matters, property inventories, or settlement statements for inspection when necessary (Article 1103, Paragraph 2).

3. Limitations on Property Management:

(1) Guardians cannot dispose of property on behalf of the ward: Guardians only have management authority and not disposal authority. They can only dispose of or consent to disposals on behalf of the ward under the status of a statutory agent.

(2) Some acts require court permission: Certain significant acts such as buying or disposing of real estate, renting residential properties, etc., require court approval to protect the ward’s interests.

(3) Property cannot be used for investment: Guardians are prohibited from using the ward’s property for investment, with the exception of specific financial instruments like bonds, treasury bills, etc.

(5) Guardianship Duties for Care and Treatment

According to the newly revised Article 1112 of the Civil Code, when guardians carry out responsibilities related to the ward’s life, care, treatment, and property management, they should pay attention to and respect the ward’s intentions. They should also consider the ward’s physical and mental condition and living circumstances. This concept of “ward’s intentions” encompasses expressions made by the ward before the guardian’s selection.